Analyzing Ecosystem Services & Filtration Provided By Phragmites in Detroit
Analyzing Ecosystem Services, Habitat, and Filtration Provided by Phragmites in Four Selected Detroit Unmanaged or Undisturbed Areas
Dr. Jacob Napieralski & Alonzo Bell
Published: November 19, 2023
University of Michigan Dearborn: College of Arts, Sciences, & Letters
Introduction
This research is centered around Phragmite density and soil analysis in undisturbed areas in Detroit, MI. The genus name for Phragmites is P. australis. It is also referred to as Common Reed. In Michigan, this species is recognized as an invasive species and can over take poorly managed areas. There are also a sub species of native Phragmites species in Michigan. Though it may be recognized as an invasive species in Michigan, it may have some ecological, environmental, and biochemical advantages. In many settings, it may provide habitat for organisms such as Muskrats, Sparrows, Field Mice, Fish Crows, and other species of bird.
Figure 1. Phragmites at Study Site #3
In Detroit, there are many areas which have been left for abandonment, blight, and which are deteriorating away. An example, is the Automotive Packard Plant which is currently undergoing demolition in 2023 (close proximity to Study Site #1). This can be an environmental and social concern for Detroit residents because as structures and buildings deteriorate; metals and other contaminants leach into the surrounding environment, and can have adverse environmental effects. There is still potential pollution lingering around Detroit, and Phragmites may offer one of many solutions to deal with it. Examining whether the Phragmites accommodates these situations or makes them worse, is the reason for studying the effects of Phragmites on specific unmanaged, undisturbed, and non developed sites in the Detroit, Michigan area.
There are few ecosystem services to consider of the observed Phragmites. Phragmites can help stabilize the soils through dense monotypic stands and Reedbeds. They may have the potential to remediate metals or pollutants from environments. For example; in Spain, Phragmite Marshes can be responsible for removal of large amounts of nitrogen pollution from surface waters (González-Alcaraz et al. 2012). This example gives a glimpse of what dense populations of Phragmites can provide to surrounding environments.
Figure 2. Phragmites at Study Site #2
Figure 3. An example of deteriorating infrastructure in Detroit Environments
In Detroit, we face deterioration of old building structures which leaches out metals and pollutants such as; lead, copper, magnesium, iron, zinc, cadmium and more. According to the City of Detroit, there are at least 80,000 lead pipes in existing and old infrastructure in Detroit. Our study seeks to examine the filtration and remediation potential of Phragmites in unmanaged, undisturbed, or blighted Detroit environments. In a place such as Detroit, this can be a critical species to examine for bioremediation of remaining automotive and industrial impacts in specific environments.
Methods
This study was conducted from 5/28/2023 to 11/19/2023. The study sites are within a range of 17.10 km². This technical report will detail the independent research variables, methods, processes, and findings used to assess the selected sites. This study takes place in Detroit, in areas which lack anthropocentric use and have a strong presence of Phragmites Reedbeds. For this specific study during the 6 months of examination; we will utilize 4 study sites weekly as the research sites or point of reference. The selected Phragmites are in areas which are poorly managed, undisturbed, or unbothered by daily human activity.
Figure 4. Packard Plant Close to Study Site #1
One of the purposes of this study is to understand if the Phragmite patches are beneficial and if they’re any similar patterns exuded from the four distinct study sites; in relation to soil chemistry, rate of plant growth, and ecosystem services. By examining these metrics; we can pose questions such as; Should we focus on using Phragmites to maintain these unmanaged or undisturbed areas in Detroit? Are the Phragmites damaging these unmanaged areas? Do they do more good or more harm to Detroit environments? Are there any ecosystem services provided by Phragmites at these sites?
During the study a total of 200 Phragmites plants are randomly selected for experimentation and to examine the rate of plant growth. A total of 120 soil samples were collected from the four study sites. As a part of the research protocol we randomly selected 10 plants to examine on the site during each single visit. Height measurements of individual Phragmite plants were recorded after each site visit. The health of the study site soil can be an indicator of the health of the surrounding ecosystem and is a crucial component to this study. On each single site visit; we randomly selected 6 areas on a specific study site to conduct soil samples. The soil sampling consisted of studying the soil’s; pH, electric conductivity, texture, and color. A Milwaukee Pro MW 100 pH meter was used to measure the pH values (accuracy ± 0.2 pH) for the study. An ORAPXI tds/pH/EC/TEMP meter was used to measure the Electric Conductivity values.
After studying that information, the soil analysis is recorded. By measuring the height of the plants coupled with the soil samples, and additional field notes; we will be able to determine some ecosystem health metrics in these unmanaged areas in Detroit. Concluding the study, all field information along with related external research will be utilized to determine if the unmanaged Phragmite monotypic stands overall are beneficial, negative, or mutual to the selected environments or ecosystems; within the total range of 17.10 km².
Study Site #1 Phragmites
Figure 5. Study Site #1
During conduction of the studies, we will use the following variables to collect data and measurements. Soil health, soil analysis (pH & Electric Conductivity), rate of plant growth (height), climate, and wildlife interactions are used to examine why the Phragmites grow in such regions in Detroit.
Study Site #1 is located at 5701 Helen St, Detroit, MI. 48211, United States. The exact coordinates are 42.37874° N, 83.02432° W ; and the site is 200 ft. (L) x 199 ft. (W). Of all study sites, this contained the smallest population of P. australis. This information can be detailed in Figure 5. Of the 30 soil samples collected at this study site; 68.8% of the soils were Sandy. Roughly 10.3% of the soil samples collected at the site contained Clay.
There was also a mixture of some fine and coarse grained particles. This information can be detailed in Figure 6. The electric conductivity value for this site is 52.06. This site had the lowest EC value compared to all other study sites. The value is 52.06 which is converted to 81.12 microS/cm. This information can be detailed in Figure 16.
Figure 6. Study Site #1 Soil Types
Low electric conductivity values can be accompanied by nutritional deficiencies, lack in nutrient intake, and lack of plant growth.
This data actually correlates with the study because Study Site #1 had an average height of 7ft. which is lower than all the other selected study sites. Since study site #1 had the lowest EC values and the shortest average height of plants; it proves that the Phragmites plants at site #1 are having more nutrient deficiencies than sites with higher electric conductivity values. Though Site #1 had the shortest plants and the lowest EC values; there was some biological activity observed. Underneath the foliage a Phragmite plant at Site #1 on 08/3/2023; a quantity of 15 Lucilia sericata commonly known as the Common Green Bottle Fly were observed resting and utilizing foliage as habitat resources.
Study Site #2 Phragmites
Figure 7. Study Site #2
Study Site #2 is located at 6459 E Lafayette St. Detroit, MI. United States. 48207. The exact coordinates are 42.34800° N, 83.00947° W; and the dimensions of the site are 147 ft.(L) x 134 ft. (W). This information can be seen in Figure 7. Of the 30 soil samples collected at this study site; 82.8% of the soils were coarse grained with Sand and some organic particles. At Study Site #2, at least 17.2% of the soils were classified as silt loams. This information can be detailed in Figure 8.
Figure 8. Study Site #2 Soil Types
The average Electric Conductivity value is 61.63 for this site which is converted into 96.1428 microS/cm. This information can be detailed in Figure 17. Phragmites are very competitive and can grow dense monotypic stands; which makes it more difficult for other plants to thrive.
This process can replace native wildflowers because they grow tall extremely fast and have vast networks of roots and stems. At Site #2 Specifically, this can be observed as Phragmite Species are seen overgrowing a species of Poison Oak and Poison Sumac (Figure 9). According to a study, “ in the Northeastern US, some Phragmites populations in undisturbed habitats appear to be stable in size” (Meyerson et al., 1999).
Figure 9. Phragmites overgrowing Poison Oak and Poison Sumac
This is a pattern observed at all four study sites in Detroit, MI. The populations of Phragmites sustained themselves well in these undisturbed areas of Detroit.
Study Site #3 Phragmites
Figure 10. Study Site #3
Study Site #3 is located at 7481 Hamtramck Dr. Detroit, MI. 48211. United States. The exact coordinates are 42.3783749 ° N, 83.0551333 ° W ; and the dimensions of the site are 287 ft.(L) x 111 ft. (W). This information can be seen in Figure 10. Of the 30 soil samples collected at this study site; 75.8% of the soils were classified as sandy, organic, and small aggregates.
Figure 11. Study Site #3 Soil Types
At Study Site #3, at least 24.1% of the soils were classified as Clays with some muddy texture. This information can be detailed in Figure 11. The average Electric Conductivity value is 61.63 for this site which is converted into 96.1428 microS/cm. This information can be detailed in Figure 18.
Study Site #4 Phragmites
Figure 12. Study Site #4
Study Site #4 is located at Belle Isle Park, Central Ave Detroit, MI 48207. The exact coordinates are; 42.34608° N, 82.96387° W; and the dimensions of the site are 93 ft. (L) x 62 ft. (W).This information can be seen in Figure 12.
Of the 30 soil samples collected at this study site; 55.2% of the soils were classified as organic and silty. This information can be detailed in Figure 13.
Figure 13. Study Site #4 Soil Types
The average Electric Conductivity value is 99.23 for this site which is converted into 154.7988 microS/cm. This information can be detailed in Figure 19. This study site had the highest average Electric Conductivity value which means that salinity levels are high; which can affect microbial activity and water uptake. Though EC values were highest at this site, the Phragmites still exuded neutral pH values in soils, ecosystem services, and habitat services throughout the duration of the study.
Ecosystem Relationships
Phragmites have an interesting relationship with various species of birds, especially in wetland environments. An interesting hypothesis of this study is that the presence of the Phragmite species at these specific locations in Detroit, may have increased the chance of introduction of invasive or non native organisms. P. austrailis can also have an effect on microbial activity in an environment. According to a study, “P. australis can host bacterial genera with potential bioremediation activity.” (Güsewell and Klötzli 2000; Köbbing et al. 2013). This study shows the potential for Phragmite Reedbeds to have mutual or beneficial relationships.
Phragmite species can provide some ecosystem functions which makes it a suitable candidate to manage blighted, unmanaged, or undisturbed lots or spaces in Detroit. Since they are tenacious and persistent in dry soils, they can thrive better than most native plants. According to the Michigan State University Extension, (Michigan Natural Features Inventory, 2022) there was a study conducted which studied the relationship between Phragmites, Wetlands, and some common wildlife organisms. This study conducted three areas in which are; a.) Managed Phragmites, Unmanaged Phragmites, and Reference Phragmites. Calculations were done to conclude species richness in the three areas of Phragmites. The study reported that, “Species richness (S) across all managed Phragmites points was 102, unmanaged Phragmites 35, and reference 86 “. This value proves that in this particular case biological diversity was least among the unmanaged Phragmites. In the same study, it was also reported that more dense stems and canopies were formed in the areas of unmanaged Phragmites.
This particular study conducted by the Michigan State University Extension, supports this study in that poorly managed areas of Phragmites can proliferate uncontrollably and possibly have an effect (beneficial, mutual, or negative) on native organisms and ecosystems. The dense stem networks can displace native organisms' capabilities to build habitat. In this case, biodiversity was decreased in areas of unmanaged Phragmites vs. the managed Phragmites. Though according to findings in our study, biodiversity increased with unmanaged Phragmites.
Plant growth will help to examine the biological activity which occurs at the sites such as photosynthesis, nitrogen fixation, and sequestration of metals and pollutants. For example, silicon cycling was a significant process utilized by Phragmites in European Freshwater Tidal Marshes (Struyf et al. 2007). This example expands on the idea that Phragmites can provide some essential ecosystem functions in various environments. Metal particulates can be present in unmanaged Detroit areas due to post century industrialization, and Phragmites may offer a solution to combat pollution.
The purpose of this study is to determine if these Phragmites sites are beneficial or harmful to urban Detroit environments and surrounding ecosystems. Quantifying and assessing that information will be a step forward in contributing to Phragmite research that benefits the local ecosystems and community in Detroit. Phragmites can serve a wide range of functions; whether positive, negative, or mutual this study aims to assess the effects in Detroit neighborhoods. According to a study, it was stated “ Phragmites, and Phragmites-dominated habitats, support many ecosystem services and diverse native and non-native biota. Studies comparing the density of individuals or the numbers of taxa (species) in Reedbeds and alternate habitats show variable results. Reedbeds apparently support fewer individuals or taxa of certain kinds of invertebrates, fishes and birds, such as early life stages of the mummichog, three species of high salt marsh breeding birds, and Muskrat, than do alternate habitats” (Kiviat, 2013). This study proves that Phragmites in unmanaged environments do have potential to introduce many ecosystem services which may not be capable by native or other plant biota; and this is a phenomena which was observed at the four selected Detroit study sites used in our research.
This also supports the idea that Phragmites stands can promote the introduction of non native species due to the fact that many native organisms can’t withstand the dense shoot and root network of the Reedbeds. This study even elaborates on the ability of the Phragmites to be salt tolerant and promote salt tolerant species. In this case the Fish Crow which is a species observed alongside marine habitats, can be encouraged to breed and increase in population and have a positive correlation with the growth of the Phragmite Reedbeds with exception of (Study Site #4).
Figure 14. Lucilia sericata (Common Green Bottle Fly)
It was observed that of two of the study sites; that habitat provided resources to some organisms. For example, underneath the foliage a Phragmite plant at study site #1 on 08/3/2023; a quantity of 15 Lucilia sericata commonly known as the Common Green Bottle Fly (Figure 14), was observed resting and utilizing foliage as habitat resources. This is common to the general example of beavers using Phragmite stems and shoots for food, and habitat resources such as building dams. While working at study site #4 on 07/15/2023 (visit 3), we observed and recorded 11 Fish Crows interacting with the Phragmite populations. Also while working at study site #4 on 08/17/2023; 5 Fish Crows were observed at the study site and interacting with the Phragmites populations. By this time in the study, at least one Fish Crow has been observed on each study site, which is another common observation shared by all four study sites.
Our interpretation from these ecosystem interactions is that the Phragmites at this specific site provide in some form ecosystem services especially for Fish Crows and the Common Green Bottle Fly in the Detroit environments. Because of the growth of Phragmites does that increase the growth potential & population of Lucilia sericata and Fish crows?
During this study Fish Crows have an interesting relationship with the P. austrailis; because at least one Fish Crow was observed on each site during the 6 month duration of this study. We may have observed more Fish Crows at study site #4 because of its proximity to a marine, lake, or wetland type environment. Study Site #4 is located on Belle Isle, Michigan. Overall, this proves that Fish Crows in these regions of Detroit have at least a mutual or beneficial relationship with the unmanaged or undisturbed areas of Phragmites at each of the study sites; especially study site #4.
Figure 15. Fish Crow (Corvus ossifragus).
This study demonstrated; that the Phragmite monotypic stands at the selected study sites played a significant role in filtering the soils and water at all four sites, because the cumulative average pH of soils was 7.45. With each site having the presence of sand it attributes to the ability of the Phragmites to filter and phytoremediate the surrounding environment. Sand consists of the majority of the soils at the selected sites, and we generally know that sand is capable of filtering water and removing suspended solids. Conditions are optimal for the processes such as nitrogen fixation, phytoremediation, and filtering to occur; and results show that the Phragmites are actively using these processes at the study sites in Detroit, because the pH values remain neutral with the obvious presence of sandy soils.
Results & Findings
A Milwaukee Pro MW 100 pH meter was used to measure the pH values (accuracy ± 0.2 pH) for the study. An ORAPXI tds/pH/EC/TEMP meter was used to measure the Electric Conductivity values. A 25’ tape measure was used to collect height measurements in (feet). Purified water was used to rinse field equipment after collection of each soil sample.
According to the results of the study; soils at each of the study sites remained close to a pH value of 7. With the data collected and the observed soil types, it seems as if the Phragmites monotypic stands are filtering the groundwater and soil in which they are residing, because soils were neither too acidic or too alkaline. This interestingly, shows positive ecosystem services exuded by the P. australis in Detroit, Michigan. The most commonly observed soils tended to be sandy, organic, fine grained, coarse grained, and organic. There was also a good mixture of some silts as well. The least observed soil in the study is Clay. Clay soil samples accounted for only 31% in the study.
The results portray a positive impact in these study site areas. These Phragmite stands are actually serving a good purpose by overtaking the abandoned and unmanaged fields in Detroit, and introducing ecosystem services which are uncommon amongst native plants. Though using Phragmites to manage an area is considerable, that may raise an ethical concern because of the aggressiveness of the Phragmite growth and it being classified as an invasive. After completion of this 6 month study we determined that the Phragmites is a plant to consider for filtration and phytoremediation in blighted, undisturbed, or unmanaged Detroit environments such as the selected study sites utilized in this research. The Phragmites has been proven to be beneficial to the soil health in these Detroit environments, according to this study.
According to another study conducted, “ Phragmites may enhance wetland water filtration, as it reduces the bioavailability of toxic metals mercury, chromium, and lead more so than S. alterniflora (Windham et al. 2003). Additionally, Phragmites can accrete sediment more rapidly than native wetland species (Rooth and Stevenson 2000; Rooth et al. 2003; Langston et al. 2021). Removal of the Phragmite species will decrease soil stability, and reduce natural attenuation processes such as; bioaccumulation and phytoremediation. These studies correlate and support our study, because it is true that the Phragmite species observed at our 4 sites did an exceptional job at retaining various types of sediment. In our study; soils remained stable, while Phragmite plant growth increased, Electric Conductivity varied, and soil pH readings were on average neutral (pH 7).
At Study Site #1, the average pH value of the weekly soil samples was 7.21 and the average Electric Conductivity value was 73.3 (Figure 16.). At Study Site #2, the average pH value of the weekly soil samples was 7.30 (Figure 17); Of the 120 soil samples collected in this experiment; it is determined that the cumulative average pH of soils at the proposed study sites is 7.45 pH. Interestingly, there was some variance in the pH values but they tended to be neutral overall at the four study sites.
Figure 16. Site #1 Weekly Soil Analysis
According to the data the cumulative average pH ranges from 7-8 pH, and at least each site had one or more soil samples classified as sand. This could mean the placement of sand-like, silty, and organic soils, accompanied with an unmanaged population of Phragmite species in Detroit; is a situation that creates the perfect conditions for water and soil filtration at the particular sites. This was proven according to our study. With the amazing capabilities of the Phragmites stands and the sandy soils; the results prove that soil and water filtration is active in the selected study sites. In this study, the results remain consistent with that reasoning due to each site having an average pH value of 7 pH which is neutral. Some samples were alkaline and others acidic, but the trends in the data proves that the majority of the 120 soil samples collected in this study remained neutral on the pH scale. Though it may be unclear on how the plants and soils were placed there before the study; there are similar patterns observed at each of the four selected study sites in Urban Detroit. That pattern portrays that Phragmite height growth was exponential across all sites with the exception of one (Location #4), and soil health was relatively healthy. At Study Site 1 the average plant height is 7 (feet) tall (Figure 16.). At Study Site 2 the average plant height is 8.64 (feet) tall (Figure 17).
Figure 17. Site #2 Weekly Soil Analysis
At Study Site 3 the average pH value of weekly soil samples was 7.212 and the average EC value was 73.3 (Figure 18). At Study Site 4 the average pH value of weekly soil samples was 7.309, and the average Electric Conductivity Value was 99.23 (Figure 19). These results tend to be consistent across all four sites which is an unexpected find. Though the pH levels seem to be filtered, it is unknown of the pH value and Electric Conductivity of the sites prior to this study.
Figure 18. Site #3 Weekly Soil Analysis
At Study Site 3 the average plant height is 7.19 (feet) tall (Figure 18.). At Study Site 4 the average plant height is 8.31 (feet) tall (Figure 19.). At all study sites; the combined average of Phragmite plant height is 7.78 (feet) tall. Phragmites have an ability to proliferate quickly, and exponential growth is seen in each of the Study Sites except Site #4.
Phragmites can help stabilize the soils through dense monotypic stands and Reedbeds. As the study portrays, soils remain at neutral pH; with the presence of various types of soils. Phragmites can proliferate uncontrollably in unmanaged or blighted areas and this could be a good thing in Detroit.
We’ve concluded that it would be better to leave the Phragmites stands in these areas because they are doing more beneficial than harm by providing ecosystem services; such as water filtration, soil filtration, habitat for wildlife, phytoremediation, and even food resources for organisms. Bioaccumulation of heavy metals is also a process made capable by the Phragmites Reedbeds in these Detroit environments.
Figure 19. Site #4 Weekly Soil Analysis
According to a study, the researchers conducted a six week study to examine the removal of metal toxins in a deep underwater setting. Results of the study concluded that the Phragmites effectively removed Cadmium, Nickel, and Lead with at least 80% removal rates (Bello et. al, 2018). This study supports the claim that Phragmites have incredible potential to phytoremediate and filter environments with limited resources. Lead is a chemical which is still present in Detroit infrastructure, and Phragmites are proven to be capable of removing lead from environments. At times contamination can be visible in Detroit lots as seen in Figure 3. In areas where it is known to be metal contaminated; this could create an initiative to use Phragmite or similar species to stabilize an unmanaged, undisturbed, or blighted area or plot in Detroit.
According to another study, dried biomass of P. australis were examined for adsorbing organic pollutants and they measured chemical oxygen demand (COD) and biochemical oxygen demand (BOD) from oily industrial wastewater effluents. They found that by increasing the pH from 4 to 7, the removal efficiency of COD and BOD increased from 77.35 to 91.05%. Meanwhile, increase of the organic load increased COD and BOD removal from 6.24 to 36.81% (El Shahawy & Heikal., 2018).
Though this study was conducted with dried biomass, it expands on the potential of P. australis to remove pollutants from wastewater. Though we studied live biomass in this study, our studies portray similar results in that both are actively removing metals or filtering a media. Biomass whether dead or alive has interesting capabilities of removing metals and organic pollutants from inundated and various environments.
Conclusion
The four study sites where the Phragmite populations are being studied, all portray similar plant growth, pH values, electric conductivity values, and ecological activity. The results of this study proves that Phragmites populating in unmanaged and undisturbed areas in Detroit, MI are actually providing essential ecosystem services as opposed to being harmful or showing negative effects to the environment. Of the 120 soil samples collected in this experiment; it is determined that the average pH of soils at the proposed study sites is 7.45 pH. Which means that Phragmites are experiencing a high rate of phytoremediation, filtration, and biological activity at the four study sites in Detroit, MI.
Of the 200 plants examined in this study, the cumulative average height of plants at all study sites is 7.78 (feet) (based on random samples selection), which shows that 75% of the sites experienced exponential growth and neutral soils which shows that the Phragmite Stands are directly and indirectly benefiting more than they are doing harm in unmanaged and undisturbed Detroit environments.
The Phragmite monotypic stands at the selected study sites have proven to exude beneficial or mutual ecosystem services such as; habitat resources, food resources, and introduction of many biochemical cycles which are not made available by native plants such as; phytoremediation, soil and water filtration, nitrogen fixation, and metal sequestration.
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